What is Gallium?
Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts at approximately 29.76°C (85.57°F). It is typically extracted as a byproduct during the processing of bauxite (for aluminum) or sphalerite (for zinc). Gallium is vital for producing advanced semiconductors like gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN).
Why is China Blocking Exports of Gallium?
China, which accounts for about 98% of the world's refined gallium production, has recently restricted gallium exports. The move is part of a broader geopolitical response to trade tensions and restrictions imposed by other nations on advanced technologies.
Where Can You Source Gallium Besides China?
- Russia: Produces gallium as a byproduct of alumina processing.
- Ukraine: Another producer of gallium derived from bauxite refining.
- South Korea and Japan: Produce gallium during zinc refining processes.
Efforts are underway in countries like the United States to develop domestic gallium production capabilities.
How is Gallium Used in Semiconductor Fabrication?
- High-Frequency Electronics: GaAs is used in RF amplifiers, microwave circuits, and millimeter-wave devices.
- Optoelectronics: GaN is critical for LEDs and laser diodes.
- Power Electronics: GaN components enable efficient power amplifiers and switches.
- Solar Cells: High-efficiency GaAs solar cells are used in space and terrestrial applications.